Narration(Direct and Indirect)

  Direct and Indirect Narration

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   Assertive Sentence

 इन वाक्यों के द्वारा किसी बात का कथन(Statement) ज्ञात होता है। इस प्रकार के वाक्यों को Indirect Speech में बदलने के नियमों का वर्णन इस प्रकार है-

(1) Tenses में परिवर्तन संबंधी नियम(Rules for the change of Tenses)

Rule-1. यदि Reporting Verb, Present Tense में हो तो अथवा Future Tense में हो तो Reported Speech के Verb के Tense में किसी प्रकार का परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं।

2-इसमें Conjunction 'That' का प्रयोग करते हैं।

1.Direct- Mohan says, "Ravi has gone to Varanasi"

  indirect- Mohan says that Ravi has gone to Varanasi.

2.Direct-Govind will say, "Roshani is very intelligent"

Indirect-Govind will say that Roshan is very intelligent.

3.Direct- He has said to me," Akash will join the coaching."

Indirect- He has told me that Akash will join the coaching.

Note-Say,Says या Said को indirect Speech में tell,tells या told में उस समय बदलते हैं, जब इसके बाद Object हो(उदाहरण 3)।यदि Say, Says, या Said के बाद Object न हो तो उन्हें नहीं बदलते (उदाहरण 1,2)

Rule 2.यदि Reporting Verb, Past Tense में हो, तो Reporting Speech के Tense में परिवर्तन निम्न प्रकार होता है-

(a)Present Indefinite Tense बदलकर Past Tense हो जाता है।जैसे-

Direct Ravi said, "Rohan tells a lie."

Indirect-Ravi said that Rohan told a lie.

(b)Present Continuous को Past Continuous में बदल देते हैं।जैसे-
Direct-Gita said to me,"Aman is reading a book.

Indirect-Gita told me that Aman was reading a book.

(c) Present Perfect Tense को Past Perfect Tense में बदल देते हैं।जैसे-

Direct-Komal said,"Asha has completed her work"

Indirect-Komal said that Asha had completed her work.

(d)Present Perfect Continuous को Past Perfect continuous में बदल देते हैं।जैसे-

Direct-He said,"It has been raining since evening"

Indirect-He said that it had been raining since evening.

(e) Past Indefinite को Past Perfect Tense में बदल देते हैं।जैसे-
Direct-He said,"The man died in the night"

Indirect-He said that the man had died in the night.

(f) Past Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous tense में बदल देते हैं।जैसे-
Direct-He said,"The boys were playing their games"

Indirect-He said that the boys had been playing their games.

(g) Past Perfect Tense तथा Past Perfect Continuous Tense में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।जैसे-

*Direct-They said, "Mahima had completed the work"

Indirect-They said that Mahima had completed the work.

*Direct-He said," Roshani had been reading for two hours"

Indirect-He said that Roshni had been reading for two hours.

(h)यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल(Past Tense)में हो, तो Reported Speech में आने वाले Shall को Should एवं Will को would में बदल देते हैं।जैसे-

*Direct-I said,"I shall play"

Indirect-I said that I should play.

*Direct-My friend said,"Garima will read her book"

Indirect-My friend said that Garima would read her book.

(1)यदि Reporting Verb भूतकाल(Past Tense)में हो तो Reported Speech में आने वाले 

Can को  Could में, May को might में बदलते हैं।पर Must, ought could, would, might had better तथा used to में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।जैसे-

*Direct-I said," I can run very fast"

Indirect-I said that I could run very fast.

*Direct-He said, "The teacher may go"

Indirec-He said that the teacher might go.

*Direct-The Principal said,"Rohan must be awarded"

Indirect-The Principal said that Rohan must be awarded.

*Direct-He said to me,"Amit should have tried harder."

Indirect-He told me that Amit should have tried harder.

*Direct-I said,"My father used to teach me regularly."

Indirect-I said that my father used to teach me regularly.

*Direct-The teacher said,"The boys had better go home early"

Indirect-The teacher said that the boys had better go home early.

*Direct-The police officer said,"Everyone ought to obey the rules of the road.

Indirect-The police officer said that the everyone ought to obey the rules of the road.

   Tense सम्बन्धी नियम के अपवाद

निचे लिखी दशाओं में Reporting Verb के Past Tense में होते हुए भी Reported Speech का Tense नहीं बदलता है-

(1)जब कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली(Universal Truth) बात कही जाय;जैसे-

*Direct-The teacher said,"The sun is hot"

Indirect-The teacher said that the sun is hot.

*Direct-The teacher said, The earth moves round the sun.

Indirect-The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

*Direct-He said,"The sun rises in the east."

indirect-He said that the sun rises in the east.

(2)जब कोई आदत संबंधी तथ्य(Habitual fact)कहा जाय; जैसे-

Direct-Rohan said to Gopal,"Dogs bark at the strangers"

Indirect-Rohan told Gopal that dogs bark at the strangers.

Direct-The teacher said,"When the cat is away, the mice play."

Indirect-The teacher said that when the cat is away, the mice play.

(3)जब कोई कहावत कही जाय; जैसे-

*Direct-My father said,"Honesty is the best policy."

Indirect-My father said that honesty is the best policy.

*Direct-Ram said to his brother,"Might is right."

Indirect-Ram told his brother that Might is right.

*Direct-The teacher said,"Slow and steady wins the race."

Indirect-The teacher said that slow and steady wins the race.

(4)जब किसी ऐतिहासिक घटना(Historical fact)का जिक्र हो-

*Direct-The history teacher said,"Samundra gupt is called the Napoleon of India."

indirect-The history teacher said that Samundra Gupt is called the Napoleon of India.

*Direct-My father said,"India got freedom  in 1947."

Indirect-My father said that India got freedom in 1947.

                        Narration

Persons में परिवर्तन के नियम

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Note-केवल Personal Pronoun में ही परिवर्तन होता है और ये तीन प्रकार के होते हैं;

First Person-जो ब्यक्ति बोलता है(The person who speaks) जैसे-I,me,my

Second Person-ब्यक्ति जिससे बोला जाता है(The person spoken to)।जैसे-You,your,you

Third Person-ब्यक्ति जिसके बारे में बोला जाता है(The person spoken of)जैसे-He,his,him

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Personal Pronoun की सूची दी गई है उसे Number तथा Gender का ध्यान रखते हुए देखें-

 

          Personal Pronoun

Rule-Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के First Persons के pronouns(I,me,my, mine, we,us,ours)को Reporting Verb के Subject के Person,Number और Gender के अनुसार बदल देते हैं।जैसे-

1.Direct-I said,"I do not like that house"

indirect- I said that I did not like that house.

2. Direct-You said," I am learning my lesson"

Indirect-You said that you were learning your lesson.

3.Direct-Sita said,"I have done my homework."

Indirect-Sita said that she had done her home work.

4.Direct-They said,"We want to go to Varanasi."

Indirect-They said that they wanted to go to Varanasi.

Rule-2.Direct से indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Second Person (You, yours) को Reporting Verb के Object के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदलते हैं।जैसे-

1.Direct-He said to him,"You write a letter to your father."

Indirect-He told him that he wrote a letter to his father.

2.Direct-He said to him,"You are happy."

Indirect-He told them that they were happy.

3.Direct-He said to you,"You are wise."

Indirect-He told you that you were wise.

Note- इस उदाहरण ने You को नही बदला गया है क्योंकि Reporting Verb का object भी Second Person अर्थात you है।दोनों एक ही Person  हैं।

4.Direct-Gita said to him,"You are not learning your lesson."

Indirect-Gita told him that he was not learning his lesson."

5.Direct-He said to them,"You are very glad"

Indirect-He told them that they were very glad."

Note-यदि Reporting Verb के बाद किसी Object का प्रयोग नहीं है तो Reporting Verb के पश्चात Third Person के Pronoun या First Person के Pronoun का प्रयोग करके उसे Object बना देते हैं तथा उसी के अनुसार Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त Second person के pronoun को third person में बदल देते हैं जैसे-

Direct-Ravi said,"You should respect your elders."

Indirect-Ravi told him that he should respect his elders.

                           Or

Ravi told me that I should respect my elders.

यदि यह स्पष्ट होता है कि You का प्रयोग किसके लिए हुआ है तो उसे उसके Person के अनुसार बदल देते हैं।जैसे-

Direct-He said,"You can go home,Aman"

Indirect-He told Aman that he could go

home.

Rule.3-Direct से indirect में परिवर्तन करते समय Reported Speech में आये हुए Third Person के Pronoun (he, she,it, they, his,her,hers, theirs, them)में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं करते हैं।जैसे-

1.Direct-Ramesh said,He is a doctor."

Indirect-Ramesh said that he was a doctor.

2.Direct-I said,"She is not a good student.

Indirect-I said that she was not good students.

Narration-Rules for the Change of words Expressing Nearness of Time or Position(समय या स्थिति की निकटता सूचक शब्दो को बदलने के नियम)

 Rule 1-Reported Speech में प्रयुक्त समय अथवा स्थिति की निकटता सूचक शब्दों को दूरी प्रकट करने वाले शब्दों में बदल देते हैं।

Ago को                                before में

Come को                                  go में 

hence को।                            thence में

Hither को।                            thither में

Here को                                there में

Now को                         then में बदल देते हैं

This को                                  that में

These को                                those में

Thus को                                    so में

Tonight को                          that night

Today को                              that day में

Tomorrow को    the next day या the following                                    day में

Yesterday को         the previous day या the day                                             before में

Last night/week/year        को the previous                                                      night/weak/year

Next week/month/year      को the following                                                       week/month/year

Yesterday morning को the previous morning                                          या the morning before

Examples

1 Direct-He said to them, "I will kill you now."

Indirect-He told them that he would kill them then.

2 Direct- Mohan said to Ram, "I can not go with you till next Sunday.

Indirect-Mohan told Ram that he could not go with him till the following Sunday.

3 Direct-He said to me, "I came here yesterday."

Indirect-He told me that he had gone there the previous day.

Rule-यदि this,here, और now किसी ऐसी वस्तु, स्थान या समय की ओर संकेत करें जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपस्थित हो, तो indirect Narration मैं इन शब्दों में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होगा। जैसे,

1 Direct-He said, "This is my coat."

Indirect-He said that this was his coat.

2 Direct- The worker said, "I worked here for a month."

Indirect- The worker said that he had worked here for a month.

3 Direct- Amit said, "I will do this now."

Indirect- Amit said that he would do this now.

Rule 3- This या these का प्रयोग यदि समय की ओर संकेत के लिए होता है तो indirect में इनको that या those में ही बदलते हैं।पर यदि this या these का प्रयोग Adjective की भांति हुआ है तो indirect बनाते समय that या those के स्थान पर the का भी प्रयोग कर सकते हैं।जैसे-

1 Direct- Radha said, "We are going for a picnic this week."

Indirect-She said that they were going for a picnic that week.

2 Direct- He said, "I am playing cricket these days."

Indirect-he said that he was playing cricket those days.

3 Direct- He said, "I have brought this stick from Nainital.

Indirect-He said that he had brought that stick from Nainital.

                                Or

He sad that he had brought the stick from Nainital.

4 Direct-The typist said, I have typed all these letters."

Indirect-The typist said that he had typed all those letters.

                                Or

The typist said that he had typed all the letters.

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 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

 Interrogative Sentence से प्रश्न का बोध होता है , इस प्रकार के sentences को Indirect में  बदलते समय निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिये:

 Rule 1. Reporting Verb said to को asked या enquired of में बदल देते हैं । 

Rule 2. प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यों में that ' Conjunction का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता ।

 Rule.3. Indirect में प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य ( Assertive Sentence ) बना देते हैं। प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न ( ? ) हटा दिया जाता है और उसके स्थान पर Full Stop ( . ) का प्रयोग किया जाता है ।

 Rule 4. Reported Speech के Pronoun , Verb तथा अन्य शब्दों को Assertive Sentences के नियमों के अनुसार बदलते हैं ।

 Rule 5 : जब Direct Speech में ऐसा प्रश्न हो जिसका उत्तर Yes या No में दिया जा सके अर्थात् . Reported Speech किसी सहायक क्रिया ( Auxiliary Verb ) जैसे – is , are , am , was , were, do , does , did , shall , will , has , have , had , can , may आदि से शुरू हुई है तो Indirect Speech को Connective word , if या whether से प्रारम्भ किया जाता है । उसके बाद कर्ता लगाकर फिर से क्रिया का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे 

1. Direct Hari said to me , “ Are you reading a book ? "

 Indirect Hari asked me if I was reading a book. 

 2. Direct Ram said to Hari , “ Will you go to school today ? ”

 Indirect-Ram asked Hari whether he would go to school that day . 

3.Direct- I said to him, "Can you tell me what the time is ?"

Indirect- I asked him if he could tell me what the time was.

Rule 6. अगर Reported Speech में सहायक क्रिया do या does हो और उसके बाद not न हो तो Indirect speech बनाते समय do अथवा does को हटा देते हैं , और मुख्य क्रिया को Simple Past Tense में बदल देते हैं । जैसे 

1. Direct She said to me , “ Do you know Sohan ? "

 Indirect- She asked me whether I knew Sohan . 

2.Direct-Sita said to Hari , “ Do you go there?" 

Indirect- Sita asked Hari if he went there . 

Rule 7. अगर Reported Speech में do या does के बाद not हो तो do या does के स्थान पर did ' कर दिया जाता है । इस प्रकार Reported Speech के Verb का Past Tense स्वत : बन जाता है । जैसे - 

1. Direct-Father said to me , “ Do you not obey me ? " 

Indirect-Father asked me if I did not obey him . 

2. Direct-Ramesh said to his friend , “ Don't you go to college on a rainy day ? "

 Indirect-Ramesh asked his friend if he didn't go to college on a rainy day .

 Rule 8.यदि  Reported Speech में 'did ' Helping Verb है तो इसे हटाकर मुख्य क्रिया को Past Perfect Tense में बदल देते हैं । जैसे -

 Direct-He said to me , “ Did you lend me your book ? " 

Indirect-He asked me whether I had lent him my book . 

Rule 9. यदि Reported Speech प्रश्नसूचक शब्द( what , who , which , whom , whose , when , where,why , how आदि ) से शुरू होता हो तो Indirect Speech में कोई अन्य Connective नहीं लगाया जाना चाहिये । ये शब्द ही स्वयं Connective का कार्य करते हैं । प्रश्नसूचक शब्द के पश्चात् कर्ता लगाकर फिर क्रिया का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे-

 1.Direct-I said to her , “ Who are you and where are you coming from ? "

 Indirect-I enquired of her who she was and where she was coming from .

 2. Direct The teacher said to Hari , " Why did you not come to school yesterday ? " 

Indirect-The teacher asked Hari why he had not come to school the previous day. 

3.Direct-He said to me , “ Where do you live?"

Indirect-He asked me where I lived . 

4.Direct-He said to Mohan , “ How much money do you want ? " 

Indirect-He asked Mohan how much money he wanted . 

Rule 10. Yes ' , ' No ' answer to questions - Reported Speech में आये हुुुए 'Yes' या 'No' के स्थान पर  पहले वाक्य के Subject और Verb को दोबारा निम्नलिखित प्रकार लिखते हैं 

1.Direct-She said to Reeta , " Can you lend me this watch ? " Reeta said , " Yes . " 

Indirect-She asked Reeta if she ( Reeta ) could lend her that watch . Reeta replied that she could. 

2. Direct-I said to Anand , " Are you attending the class ? " Anand said , " No. " 

Indirect I asked Anand if he was attending the class . Anand said that he wasn't .

 नोट- कुछ विद्वान Yes ' को replied in the affirmative तथा ' No ' को replied in the negative में बदलते हैं । जैसे – उपर्युक्त वाक्यों को निम्नलिखित अनुसार भी लिखा जा सकता है : 

: Reeta replied in the affirmative . Anand replied in the negative . 

                कुछ विशेष परिवर्तन 

Rule 1. जब पसन्द अथवा विकल्प का भाव स्पष्ट करना हो तो if की अपेक्षा whether का प्रयोग अच्छा माना जाता है । जैसे 

1. Direct-The teacher said to Hari , " Do you want to attend the parade or not ? " 

Indirect-The teacher asked Hari whether he wanted to attend the parade or not .

 2. Direct -The mother said to her son , “ Do you want to have milk or tea ? " 

Indirect-The mother asked her son whether he wanted to have milk or tea .

 Rule 2. यदि प्रार्थना , सलाह लेने के लिए की गई है तो Indirect Speech में Second या Third Person के Pronouns you , he , she , they आदि के साथ would के स्थान पर should का प्रयोग ही अच्छा माना जाता है । जैसे 

Direct-Ravi said , " What shall I do with it , mother ? " 

Indirect-Ravi asked his mother what he should do with it . 

     IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

 जब किसी वाक्य में आज्ञा ( order ) , परामर्श (advice ) या प्रार्थना ( request ) प्रकट की गई हो तो उसे Imperative Sentence कहते हैं । इसमें कर्ता you ' ( verb से पहले ) छिपा रहता है तथा वाक्य Finite Verb से प्रारम्भ होता है ।

 Rule 1. Reporting Verb ' said ' को भाव के अनुसार इस प्रकार बदलते हैं -

 ( a ) यदि order हो तो ordered , commanded आदि में ।

 ( b ) यदि advice हो तो advised , urged आदि में ।

 ( c ) यदि request हो तो requested , begged , implored , entreated आदि में । 

Rule 2. Reported Speech के Verb के पहले' to' जोड़कर Infinitive बना देते हैं ।जैसे -

 1.Direct-The teacher said to me , “ Sit in your class and learn your lesson . ”

 Indirect-The teacher ordered me to sit in my class and learn my lesson . 

2.Direct-He said to his friend , “ Work hard." 

Indirect-He advised his friend to work hard.

Rule 3. Reported Speech के Vocative Case के Noun को Reporting Verb का कर्म ( Object ) बना देते हैं । जैसे

 Direct-The teacher said , “ Sit down , boys. "  

Indirect The teacher ordered the boys to sit down . 

Rule 4. जब Reported Speech निषेधात्मक हो अर्थात् ' Do not ' से प्रारम्भ हो , तो इसके परिवर्तन की दो विधियाँ (a)Reporting Verb को forbade में बदल दिया जाता है तथा Reported Speech में आये हुये ' Do not ' को समाप्त करके क्रिया से पहले to लगा देते हैं । जैसे - 

Direct The teacher said to the boy , “ Do not abuse anyone . ” 

Indirect-The teacher forbade the boy to abuse anyone . 

Direct My father said to me , “ Don't waste your time . " 

Indirect-My father advised me not to waste my time . 

Rule 5. Reported Speech ज़ब ' never ' से प्रारम्भ हो तो Reporting Verb को advised में बदल देते हैं और  never तथा क्रिया के बीच to का प्रयोग करते हैं । जैसे-

Direct-The teacher said to the student , "Never waste your time . "

 Indirect-The teacher advised the student never to waste his time . 

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Note-Never वाले वाक्यों में forbade का प्रयोग नहीं होता है।

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Rule.6-जब Reported Speech में 'Sir', 'Please', 'Kindly' आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है तो Indirect बनाते समय  इन शब्दों को हटा देते हैं तथा Reporting Verb को requested में बदल देते हैं । जैसे -

 1. Direct-The student said to the teacher , 

" Sir , mark me present."

 Indirect-The student requested the teacher to mark him present . 

2. Direct Ram said to Shyam , “ Please come and tell me something . " 

Indirect-Ram requested Shyam to go and tell him something. 

3. Direct She said to Sita , “ Kindly help me ."

Indirect She requested Sita to help her . 

Rule 7. यदि Reported Speech में if से प्रारम्भ होने वाले Clause में सलाह का भाव है तो Indirect Speech में should का प्रयोग अच्छा माना जाता है । जैसे - 

Direct-My mother said , " If you suffer from cold and cough , consult a doctor surely . " 

Indirect My mother said if I suffered from cold and cough , I should consult a doctor surely .               

                                 Or 

My mother advised me to consult a doctor surely if I suffered from cold and cough .

 कुछ Imperative Sentences देखने में Interrogative जैसे लगते हैं पर ये वास्तव में Interrogative नहीं होते । ये Imperative ही होते हैं क्योंकि इनसे विनम्रतापूर्वक प्रार्थना का भाव झलकता है । ऐसे वाक्यों को Indirect speech में बदलते समय इनके Reporting Verbs को वाक्य के आशय के अनुसार बदल देते हैं । जैसे - 

1. Direct " Would you please give me your pen ? " he said to me .

 Indirect-He requested me to give him my pen . 

2. Direct He said , " Could I use your phone?" 

Indirect-He asked me to use my phone . 

3. Direct She said , “ Would you like a sandwich ? " 

Indirect-She offered me a sandwich . 

4. Direct She said , " Would you like to have tea with me ? " 

Indirect-She invited me to have tea with her 

5. Direct He said to them , “ Would you like to sit down ? " 

Indirect-He requested them to sit down .

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES ( विस्मयबोधक वाक्य) 

पहचान : इसमें व्यक्ति के हृदय की तीव्र भावनाओं को प्रकट किया जाता है ; जैसे — अत्यधिक सुख , दुःख , आश्चर्य आदि । इनके प्रकट करने के लिए बहुधा Alas ! Hurrah ! Ah ! Oh ! Bravo ! Fie ! आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग किया जाता है तथा इनके बाद mark of exclamation ( विस्मयबोधक चिह्न ) लगा होता है ।

कभी - कभी ऐसे वाक्य How या What शब्दों से भी आरम्भ होते हैं किन्तु उनके पश्चात् Adjective , फिर कोई Noun फिर Subject और Verb आता है तथा वाक्य के अन्त में mark of exclamation होता है । 

नियम : ( 1 ) ऐसे वाक्यों में अर्थ के अनुसार said या said to के स्थान पर exclaimed with joy ( प्रसन्नता के लिए ) या sorrow ( दुःख के लिए ) या wonder ( आश्चर्य ) , approval ( अनुमोदन ) , contempt ( घृणा ) आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हैं तथा Alas , Hurrah , Ah , Oh आदि शब्दों को हटाकर Conjunction that का प्रयोग करते हैं ; जैसे - उदाहरण 1,2,3 .

 ( 2 ) यदि वाक्य How या What से आरम्भ हो रहा हो तब said या said to के स्थान पर अधिकतर exclaimed से काम चल जाता है अन्यथा अर्थ के अनुसार wonder , joy , sorrow आदि शब्द भी आ सकते हैं । Conjunction that के बाद Subject , Verb फिर very या great फिर Adjective तथा Noun प्रयोग करते हैं । वाक्य के आरम्भ में आये हुए what या how को हटा देते हैं ; जैसे - उदाहरण 4 , 5 . 

उदाहरण : 

1. Direct : A woman said , " Alas ! my husband has not returned from the sea so far . ” 

Indirect : A woman exclaimed with sorrow that her husband had not returned from the sea till then

2. Direct : The soldiers said , “ Hurrah ! we have won the battle . "

 Indirect : The soldiers exclaimed with joy that they had won the battle . 

Direct-The saint said , “ Fie ! you are a very dirty and impious soul . ”

 Indirect : The saint exclaimed with contempt that he was a very dirty and impious soul . 

4. Direct : The teacher said to the boy , " What a foolish boy you are ! " 

Indirect : The teacher exclaimed that he was a very foolish boy . 

5. Direct : The farmers said , “ What a heavy snow fall it is ! " 

Indirect : The farmers exclaimed that it was a very heavy snow fall . then . 1 .

         MOST IMPORTANT

कुछ मामलों में gave an exclamation of delight / disgust / horror / relief / surprise का प्रयोग करते हैं -

Direct : He said , “ Nice ! " 

Indirect : He gave an exclamation of pleasure .

 Direct : He said , " Wonderful ! "

 Indirect : He gave an exclamation of surprise ( or satisfaction ) .

 कुछ मामलों में with an exclamation of pleaspre / satisfaction आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है

 Direct : " Good , " he said and resumed his work . 

Indirect : With an exclamation of satisfaction he resumed his work . 

 OPTATIVE SENTENCES ( इच्छासूचक वाक्य )

पहचान ऐसे वाक्यो मे इच्छा , शुभकामना , आशीर्वाद या श्राप देना आदि बातें पायी जाती हैं । अधिकतर इन वाक्यों में may का प्रयोग होता है । किन्तु कभी - कभी may नहीं दिया होता , बल्कि वाक्य के अर्थ से इच्छा , शुभकामना या श्राप का भाव प्रकट होता है ।

 नियम ( 1 ) Said या said to के स्थान पर अर्थ के अनुसार wished ( शुभकामना ) , prayed ( भगवान् से प्रार्थना ) ,  blessed ( आशीर्वाद देना ) या cursed ( श्राप देना ) जैसे शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हैं ।

 ( 2 ) Conjunction that का प्रयोग करते हैं । फिर Subject तथा may या might लाते हैं । 

Examples

 1. Direct : My teacher said to me , “ May you pass in first division ! " 

Indirect : My teacher wished me that I might pass in first division .

 2. Direct : The people said , " May our king live long ! " 

Indirect : The people wished that their king might live long . 

3. Direct : The old man said , " May you never get peace in your life ! "

 Indirect : The old man cursed that he might never get peace in his life .

 4. Direct : A hermit said to me , “ May God give you health , wealth and success ! " 

Indirect : A hermit prayed for me that God might give me health , wealth and success . 

Rule 2. of Reported Speech में Goodbye या Good night का प्रयोग होता है तो said के स्थान पर bade का प्रयोग करते हैं तथा Good morning का प्रयोग हो तो said के स्थान पर wished लिखते हैं । 

1. Direct Anand said , " Good night , Krishna ! we will meet again tomorrow . ” 

Indirect - Anand wished good night to Krishna and said that they would meet again the next day .

Direct He said , " Goodbye , my friends ! ” 

Indirect He bade goodbye to his friends . 4

5. Direct : I said to my friend , " Good morning , how are you ? "

 Indirect : I wished my friend good morning and asked how he was .