Study Point

   Active and Passive Voice ----------------------------------------------- Imperative Sentence Imperative Sentence से आज्ञा(Order),प्रार्थना(Request)या सलाह(Advice)प्रकट होता है। Rule 1-जब Imperative Sentence में 'आदेश'का भाव प्रकट हो इसे Passive में निम्न प्रकार बदलें         Active Voice की बनावट M.V.(first form)+object         Passive voice की बनावट   Let+object+be+M.V.(third form)                    Examples Active-post this letter. Passive-Let this letter be posted. Active-Tell him to wait. Passive-Let him be told to wait. Active-Open the door. Passive-Let the door be opened. Active-Bring a glass of water. Passive-Let a glass of water be brought. Active-Call the peon. Passive-Let the poor be called. Active-Open the windows. Passive-Let the windows be opened. Active-Post this letter at once. Passive-Let this letter be posted at once. Active-Put the bottle on the table. Passive-L...

  Active & Passive Voice –––––––––––––––––––––––  Sentence With Infinitive To Subject+helping verb+to be+M.V.(third form)+by+object                       Examples Active-I am to read this book. Passive-This book is to be read by me. Active-Lata is to help me. Passive-I am to be help by Lata. Active-Neelu is to write a letter. Passive-A letter is to be written by Neelu. Active-Ram was to kill Ravan. Passive-Ravan was to be killed by Ram. Active-They have to read Urdu. Passive-Urdu has to be read by them. Active-He has to help me. Passive-I have to be helped by him. ------------------------------------------------------------------ Note- going to,has to,have to,had to वाले वाक्यों को Active Voice से Passive Voice में बदलते समय क्रिया के साथ to be+Verb की third form का प्रयोग होता है; जैसे- ------------------------------------------------------------------ Active-We are going to read a book. Passive-A book is going to be ...

Active and passive voice Note-कुछ Verbs के पश्चात Passive Voice में 'by' Prepisition के स्थान पर अन्य Prepisition का प्रयोग होता है । Rule(a) -surprised astonished disappointed, distressed, displeased तथा alarmed के पश्चात Passive Voice में "at"का प्रयोग होता है।जैसे- Active- His answer surprised me. Passive-I was surprised at his answer. Active-Your victory astonished us. Passive-We were astonished at your victory. Active-His failure disappointed me. Passive-I was disappointed at his failure. Active-Their accident distressed me. Passive-I was distressed at their accident. Active-His rude behaviour displeased the guest. Rule(b)-Known तथा Obliged के पश्चात Passive Voice में'to'आता है। Active-His rude behaviour displeased the guest. Passive-The guest was displeased at his rude behaviour. Active-This news alarmed his friends. Passive-His friends were alarmed at this news. Rule(b)-Known तथा Obliged के बाद Passive Voice में 'to'आता है। जैसे- Active-Everybod...

उपयोगिता के भेद          Kinds of Utility उपयोगिता को दो भागों में बांटा जा सकता है: 1-सीमांत उपयोगिता 2-कुल उपयोगिता (1) सीमांत उपयोगिता (Marginal Utility)- सीमांत उपयोगिता का अर्थ -जब उपभोक्ता किसी वस्तु की अनेक इकाइयों का उपभोग करता है तो उपभोग की जाने वाली अंतिम इकाई को 'सीमांत इकाई'तथा उससे प्राप्त होने वाली उपयोगिता को सीमांत उपयोगिता कहा जाता है।उदाहरण के लिए नारंगी की एक इकाई की उपयोगिता 40 है।यदि दूसरी इकाई के उपभोग से उपभोक्ता को कुल 60 उपयोगिता प्राप्त होती है तो ऐसी दशा में नारंगी की अतिरिक्त इकाई की सीमांत उपयोगिता 60-40=20 होगी। सीमांत उपयोगिता से मार्शल का अभिप्राय किसी समय विशेष पर उपभोग की जाने वाली वस्तु की अंतिम इकाई से प्राप्त होने वाली उपयोगिता से है।  सीमांत उपयोगिता के रुप- सीमांत उपयोगिता की धारणा को तालिका संख्या 1 से स्पष्ट किया गया है सीमांत उपयोगिता केे तीन रूप -तालिका से यह स्पष्ट होता हैै कि सीमांत उपयोगिता केेेे तीन रूप होते हैं: 1-धनात्मक सीमांत उपयोगिता -जब किसी वस्तु की उत्तरोत्तर इकाइयों के उपभोग से मिलने वाली सीमांत उपयो...

  Active and passive voice ------------------------------------   एक Object व एक Complement  वाले वाक्यों की Passive ------------------------------------------------  यदि Activeवाले वाक्य में एक Object व एक Complement आया हो तो Pasive बनाते  उस Object को Subject  बना देते हैं तथा Complement  को उसी के स्थान पर रहने देते हैं। Active-The public made him leader. Passive-He was made leader by the public. -- इस वाक्य में him-Object है तथा leader-Complement है। Complement उसे कहते हैं जो वाक्य के अंत में जुड़ कर वाक्य के अर्थ को पूरा करता  है। Active-They made him king. Passive-He was made king by them. Active-Garima painted the picture green. Passive-The picture was painted green by Garima. Active-The boys elected Gopal captain. Passive-Gopal was elected captain by the boys. -------------------------------------------------------------- यदि Active Voice  के वाक्य का स्वरूप इस प्रकार का हो - Subject+verb+object+present participle   ऐसे वा...

Active & Passive Voice ------------------------------------ Modal Verbs की Passive Active       Passive Can                  Can be Could               Could be Should             Should be Must                 Must be May                   May be Ought to       Ought to be इन सभी के साथ Verb की Third form का प्रयोग होगा। Obj+Modal+be+Verb(third form)+by+Sub                   Examples Active-You should play football everyday. Passive-Football should be played everyday by you. Active-We should respect our elders. Passive-Our elders should be respected by us. Active-The peon should not ring the bell before time. Passive-The bell should not be rung before time by the peon. Active-He can solv...

   Future perfect tense Helping verb-will have been/shall have been -------------------------------- Affirmative sentence Object+will have been/shall have been+M.V.(third form)+by+subject           Examples Active-He will have written the poem. Passive-The poem will have been written by him. Active-Sita will have prepared the food. Passive-The food will have been prepared by Sita. Active-The boys will have plucked the flowers. Passive-The flowers will have been plucked by the boys. Active-The gardener will have made the garland. Passive-The garland will have been made by the gardener. Active-He will have given me the books. Passive-I shall have been given the books by him.                   Or The books will have been given me by him . ------------------------------------   Negative sentence Object+will not have been/shall not have been+M.V.(third form) by+subject           ...