Study Point

  Our country India is a land of villages. Most of the population of our country live in villages.  Before 1947, the condition of our villages was far from satisfactory. But now the picture is changing.            Under the leadership of Pandit Nehru, the National Government started extensive programmes  for the rural development. Country's five-year plans and other projects came to existence.  People began to take interest in them when the real work of the construction of roads, tubewells and tanks  started.               If we go to see a village, we see that roads are constructed. Electricity has begun to function.  Primary Schools and Junior High Schools impart education to children. People take interest in politics.  They read newspapers and watch T.V. Some of them have their own T.V. sets and transistors.            Despite of many programmes of th...

 उत्पादन लागत के अन्तर्गत वे सभी व्यय सम्मिलित किए जाते हैं  जो किसी उत्पादक या फर्म द्वारा वस्तु के उत्पादन व्यय के रूप में उठाए जाते हैं ।                                     अथवा  "उत्पादन लागत में वे सभी भुगतान सम्मिलित हैं जो कि दूसरे को उनकी वस्तुओं एवं सेवाओं के  उपयोग के बदले में दिए जाते हैं । इसमें मूल्य ह्रास तथा अप्रचलन जैसी मदें भी सम्मिलित रहती हैं ।  इसके अतिरिक्त , इसमें उत्पादक द्वारा प्रदान की गई सेवाओं के लिए अनुमानित मजदूरी तथा  उसके द्वारा प्रदान की गई भूमि और पूँजी का पुरस्कार भी सम्मिलित है। उत्पादन लागत = भूमि का लगान + कच्चे माल की कीमत +    मजदूरों की मजदूरी + पूंजी का ब्याज + संगठनों का वेतन +  उद्यमी का सामान्य लाभ           - 1. मौद्रिक लागत ( Money Cost ) – सामान्यतः मौद्रिक लागतों के अन्तर्गत वे लागतें आती हैं , जिन्हें कोई उत्पादक उत्पत्ति के साधनों के प्रयोग के लिए मुद्रा के रूप में व्य...

 The Present Continuous Tense  ( A ) This tense is normally used for an action in progress , that is temporary in nature , in the present at the time of speaking .  For example -  ( i ) She is not working . She is swimming in the river  ( ii ) It is raining outside .  ( B ) It also expresses future action or a definite arrangement in the near future .  For example-  ( i ) I am going to the cinema tomorrow .  ( ii ) She is coming next week .  Additional Uses of Present Continuous Tense-  ( C ) Continuous tense with ' always ' may express an idea which is not to the liking of the speaker . For example-   ( i ) She is always teaching her children .  ( ii ) He is always praising his friends .  ( D ) There are some of the verbs which sometime don't admit of progressive action . Such verbs are called Non - progressive verbs ( Stative verbs ) .  These include  ( i ) Verbs of Perception : See , taste , smell , hear...

  The Tenses and their Functions  The Present Indefinite Tense   The present indefinite tense - Habitual Action   ( A ) This tense is generally used to denote ' habit , custom , practice , repeated action , permanent activity , general truth ' , etc.  These ideas are expressed by the adverbs of frequency such as ' often , seldom , usually , never , occassionally , sometimes , normally , generally , always , frequently , rarely , daily ' , etc.  For example  ( i ) The man goes for a walk in the morning daily in           the morning .  ( ii ) Robert usually believes everybody .   ( iii ) Ronaldo often gets late for lunch .  ( iv ) Marry always comes in time .  ( v ) William seldom gets up late .  ( B ) This tense is also used to make a statement in the present showing permanent nature and activity of the subject and eternal principles   For example - ( i ) We know him well .  ( ...

  Summary of the Lesson  The story ' Indigo ' is an excerpt from Louis Fischer's book " The Life of Mahatma Gandhi ' . The story is set in 1916-17 . The place is Champaran in Bihar . The great leadership qualities were shown by      Gandhi to secure justice for oppressed people through argumentation and and bold negotiations . Gandhi gave leadership to poor peasants of that region . There were big estates owned by British people and the workers were Indian tenants . The tenants were compelled to grow indigo . A peasant Rajkumar Shukla met Gandhi and insisted on him visiting the place to help their cause of justice . In Patna Gandhi visited a lawyer named Rajendra Prasad ( he became the first President of India ) . A lot of lawyers and peasants poured in large number to support Gandhi and his cause . Gandhi showed the people how to fight boldly against the discrimination of British Raj . The agitation prolonged for one year and ended in grand success by gaining p...

  Short Answer Type Questions Q.1 . How did the peddler make the rattraps ?  ( फेरीवाला चूहेदानों को कैसे बनाता था ? )  Ans . The peddler made the rattraps of wire from the  material he got by begging in the stores or at the big farms . He made them himself at odd moments .  ( तार के चूहेदान बनाने की सामग्री को फेरीवाला स्टोरों या बड़े कृषि फर्मों से भीख माँगकर या बड़े कृषि फार्मों से लेता था । बाद में वह अतिरिक्त समय में इनको बनाता था । )  Q.2 . How does the crofter receive the peddler in his house ? ( किसान अपने घर में फेरीवाले का किस प्रकार स्वागत करता है ? )  Ans . As the peddler comes to his cottage , the crofter puts the porridge pot on the fire and gives him supper . He gives him tobacco roll for his pipe . Finally , they play cards until bedtime .  ( जब फेरीवाला झोंपड़ी में आता है तो किसान तुरन्त ही दलिये के पात्र को चूल्हे पर चढ़ा देता है और उसको भोजन कराता है । चिलम पीने के लिए वह उसे तम्बाकू देता है । उसके बाद सोने का समय होने तक वे लोग ...